Learning 
(Chapter 7)

I. Behaviorism (225-227)
A. Intentional and behavioral explanations
1.  Watson’s Quote
B. Behaviorism (p. 227) and learning (p.225)
C.	Behavior  Consequence
		1.  The law of effect (p. 294)

II. Operant Conditioning (Chapter 7.7 – 7.10, 7:12)
A.  Skinners’ Analysis
1.  Behavior = Responses (R)
   	2.  Consequence = Stimulus Reinforcer (Sr)
i.  Sr+ Positive (Pleasant) Reinforcer
ii Sr- Negative (Noxious) Reinforcer
3.  Consequences of Srs
i.  Increasing probability of behavior
ii. Decreasing probability of behavior
B.  Four Ways to Change Behavior 
1 Positive reinforcement: Increasing the probability of R that introduces a Sr+ positive (pleasant) stimulus reinforcer.  
2 Negative reinforcement: Increasing the probability of R that removes (or escapes) a Sr- negative (noxious) stimulus reinforcer.
3. Punishment:  Decreasing the probability of behavior by R that introduces a Sr- negative (noxious) stimulus reinforcer Positive Punishment.
4.  Extinction:  Decreasing the probability of behavior by R that removes a Sr+ positive (pleasant) stimulus reinforcer.  Negative Punishment 
C.  Primary vs. Secondary Srs
D.  Shaping and successive approximation 
E.  Discriminative Stimuli (Ss), Discrimination & Generalization
F.  Schedules of Reinforcement
1.  Partial Reinforcement Schedules Partial based on 
i.  Time since last Sr (Interval) Fixed and Variable
ii  Frequency of Rs since last Sr (Ratio)

III. Classical Conditioning (Chapter 7.1 – 7.3, 7.5 – 7.6)
A.  Watson & Little Albert
B.   Pavlov’s Theory
C.  Acquisition and extinction
D.	Conditions of classical conditioning 
E.	Discrimination and generalization

IV. Limits of Behaviorism (Chapter 7:4, 7.11, 7.13 – 7.15)
 	A.  Universality of the laws of learning
B.  Non-environmental factors affecting learning
C.  Cognitive factors
1.  Bandura and observational learning 
2.  Tolman and latent learning
3.  Interpretation: Intrinsic or Extrinsic Reinforcers
D.  Biological Factors
1.  Breland & Breland