Behavioral Approaches to Learning
(Chap. 6)

I.  Introduction
	A.  Goals
1.	Power of the teacher in the process of T&L
		2.  The value of behaviorism as a theory of T&L
3.	Mind as irrelevant:  Watson’s challenge (p. 238)
B. Applications
1.  Translating T/L problems into behavioral ones

II. Operant Conditioning
A.  Thorndike’s Law of Effect and Skinner’s Operant Conditioning (pp. 238-240)
	B.  Four Ways to Change Behavior (pp. 240-244; 246-49)
 			a.  Positive reinforcement: Increasing the p. of behavior by introducing Sr+
			b.  Negative reinforcement: Increasing the p. of escape behavior that removes Sr-
			c.  Punishment:  Decreasing the p. of behavior by introducing Sr-
			d.  Extinction:  Decreasing the p. of behavior by having Sr+ removed.
C.	Behavior Modification in the classroom 
1.	Choosing and scheduling reinforcers (pp. 244-246)
2.	Increasing desired behavior (p. 247)
3.	Decreasing undesired behavior (pp. 249-252)

III.  Classical Conditioning	(pp. 233-237)
	A.  Ivan Pavlov’s salivation studies
		1.  Conditions of CER (Conditioned Emotional Responses)
C.	CER in the classroom

IV.  Social Learning Theory (pp. 253-259)
A.	Bandura’s Observational learning studies
1. Cogntiv factors in observational learning
B.  Cogntive-behavioral modification in the classroom 

IV.  Gnge and Instructional Design
A.  Gagne as a Behaviorist
B.   Theory of instructional design