Cognitive Development:
Becoming a Abstract Thinker
(Chap. 4)

I  Introduction
    A.  Adolescents as Abstract Thinkers

II  Becoming an Abstract Thinker
    A.  Scientific (Hypothetico-deductive) Reasoning (pp. 123-127, p. 139-140)
                    1.  Generating possibilities
                    2.  Deducing predictions
                    3.  Entertaining abstractions
                    4.  Evaluating evidence
    B.  Decision-Making (pp. 139-140)
    C.  Reflective, and Relativistic Thinking (p. 129)
    D. Self-Regulation (p. 143-144)
    E.  Argumentativeness
    F.  Idealism and criticism
    G.  Social Cognition (pp. 156-158)
                   1.  Adolescent Egocentrism
                   2.  Perspective Taking

III  Theories
    A.  Piaget (pp. 121-130)
                    1.  Theory
                            i.  Process:  Equilibration Model
                            ii.  Structure: Stage Model
                    2.  Status and Implications
    B.  Criticisms of Piaget (pp. 130-144)
                    1.   Vygotsky’s Critique
                            i. Zone of Proximal Development and Internalization
                            ii. Limits of Vygotsky
                    2.   Information processing critique
                            i.  Memory and Attention
                            ii. Limits of IP