Botany 2104 - Sp16 - Final Exam - New Topics Only

This is not meant to be an exhaustive list.  My intention is to hit the highlights and provide a reminder of key material covered.  Due to the nature of the course, you don’t have a distinction between “lab” and “lecture” material.  ALL  CLASS ACTIVITIES ARE  FAIR  GAME  FOR  YOUR  EXAMS!!!  These activities include (but are not limited to)  making observations of plant materials, doing experiments, and getting information via lectures, videos, and reading your textbook.

A copy of the Final Exam from Autumn 2001 (PDF) is available. You can use the relevant questions from that final as a practice exam. Please be aware that the course material was in a different order in 2001-2002.

Remember:  Your final exam is cumulative!!

Mineral Nutrition
    essential element vs. essential mineral nutrient
    criteria to be considered essential
    macronutrients and micronutrients:  know the elements and at least one role for each.  You may use “enzyme activator” as the general role for the micronutrients.  For the macronutrients, you must be more specific in your answers.  Answers along the lines of "helps plants grow" will not be given credit.  You can use either the name of the element or its chemical symbol.  phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl), nickel (Ni)
What is meant by the term beneficial element? Be able to name one (chemical name or symbol) and its use.
    nitrogen fixation:  free living and symbiotic
    cyanobacteria, heterocysts
    Rhizobium + legume symbiosis for nitrogen fixation
Why are legumes important in crop rotation?  Why use clover (a legume) as a green manure?
Why is the growth of Anabaena, a cyanobacterium, encouraged in rice paddies? 
What are mycorrhizae?  How are they important to plants?  Be able to describe at least two of the mycorrhizal relationships presented in class.

Carnivorous Plants
   Be familiar with examples of each type of trapping mechanism: Venus flytrap, waterwheel, bladderwort, sundew, butterwort, pitcher plants.
   What features of carnivorous plants enable them to lure and capture prey? Are the individual features unique to the carnivorous plants? What abilities do the features provide that are the criteria for being carnivorous? In what sort of habitat do you find carnivorous plants? How does carnivory enable them to live in this habitat?  
   What evidence was presented in class that supports the conclusion that carnivory is about nitrogen acquisition?     
   Don’t forget:  you saw a video on carnivorous plants
 
Nutrient Cycling
    trophic levels:  producer, consumer, decomposer
    nitrogen cycle:  nitrogen fixation, nitrification, ammonification, denitrification, assimilation

Cell Cycle
    Interphase, mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), cytokinesis
    What is the outcome of a complete cell cycle?
    Describe the steps of interphase

Meiosis
    Meiosis I (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I); meiosis II (prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II)
    What is the outcome of meiosis?  
    What events in meiosis I (specifically, in prophase I and metaphase I) provide mixing of genetic information?
    ploidy, homologous pairs, haploid, diploid

Flower structure
    sepals (calyx), petals (corolla), perianth, stamens (androecium), filament, anther, pistil, carpels (gynoecium), stigma, style, ovary, ovule
    complete, incomplete
    perfect, imperfect
    regular, irregular
    superior ovary, inferior ovary
    receptacle, peduncle, pedicel, sessile
    solitary, inflorescence
    inflorescence types
    nectaries

Pollination
    pollination vectors
    match features of flowers to vectors
    Reminder:  you saw a video on pollination

Be able to describe and explain the various mechanisms used by plants to promote out-crossing and reduce inbreeding.  (this not about adaptations of flowers and specific pollination vectors)

Fruits
    simple, aggregate, multiple, dry, dehiscent, indehiscent, fleshy, accessory, locule, pericarp, exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp
    types of simple fruits:  follicle, legume, samara, silique, capsule, achene, nut, drupe, pome, berry,  pepo, hesperidium 
    climacteric fruits
    functions:  protect developing seeds, dispersal mechanism
    Reminder:  you saw a video on seed dispersal

Sporic life cycle
    sporophyte vs. gametophyte
    spore vs. gamete
    zygote
    fertilization
Gametic life cycle, zygotic life cycle 
Microgametophyte (pollen grain):  generative cell, tube cell, sperm
Megagametophyte (embryo sac):  synergids, antipodals, polar nuclei/central cell, egg; nucellus, integuments, funiculus

Double fertilization:   embryo, endosperm
    What is the significance of double fertilization?

Asexual reproduction
    review information on roots, stems, and leaves for examples of vegetative reproduction
    apomixis

Refer to the questions at the end of your lab exercises and the chapters in your textbook for more review material.  Don’t be surprised if some, if not all, of the essay questions on your exams come from these sources and this review sheet.