Botany 2104, Plant Form and Function

A copy of the Final Exam from Autumn 2001 (PDF) is available.  You can use the relevant questions from that final as a practice exam.  Please be aware that the course material was in a different order in 2001-2002. 

Botany 2104 - Sp16.  Exam 3 Topics 

This is not meant to be an exhaustive list.  My intention is to hit the highlights and provide a reminder of key material covered.  Due to the nature of the course, you don’t have a distinction between “lab” and “lecture” material.  ALL  CLASS ACTIVITIES ARE  FAIR  GAME  FOR  YOUR  EXAMS!!!  These activities include (but are not limited to)  making observations of plant materials, doing experiments, and getting information via lectures, videos, and reading your textbook.

Plant Anatomy
    STUDY THE PICTURES IN YOUR BOOK!!
    Be able to identify cells and tissues in photographs, diagrams, etc. of sectioned material.

Leaves:  functions
    phyllotaxy:  alternate, opposite, whorled
    development (apical meristem —> 1° meristems  —>   1° tissues)
    functions of tissues
    cell types found in tissues
    venation patterns:  parallel, palmately netted venation, pinnately netted venation
    petiole, blade, stipules, sessile, compound leaves (palmate and pinnate), simple leaves
    compare leaf characteristics of mesophytes, xerophytes, and hydrophytes
    needle-like leaves of conifers
    evergreen vs. deciduous
    programmed cell death and abscission

Secondary growth
    origin of the secondary meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium) in eudicot stems and roots
    secondary tissues (2° xylem, 2° phloem, cork, and phelloderm), their functions, and their cell types
    wood:    early wood vs. late wood; sapwood vs. heartwood; hardwood vs. softwood; radial section vs. tangential section
    How do knots form?
    bark vs. wood; bark vs. periderm
    external features of woody stems
        
Be able to trace the lineage of cells and tissues from the apical meristem to 2° tissues, both forwards and backwards.
Where is the youngest growth located?  The oldest?

Respiration
    glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC, fermentation
    substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation
    mitochondria:  matrix, inner and outer membranes, intermembrane space
    ADP/ATP, NAD⁺/NADH, FAD/FADH₂
    alternate oxidase, thermogenic plants

Photosynthesis
    action spectrum vs. absorption spectrum
    relationship between wavelength and energy of radiation
    result of radiation being absorbed by a target molecule
    Photorespiration (rubisco:  carboxylase vs. oxygenase activity)
    Photosynthesis: 
        light reactions:  Z-scheme, photolysis, photophosphorylation, photosystem, reaction center, plastoquinone (PQ), plastocyanin (PC), ferridoxin (Fd), photosynthetic pigments, ADP/ATP, NADP⁺/NADPH
        Calvin cycle:  rubisco, carboxylation, reduction, regeneration, PGA, PGald, RuBP
    C3 photosynthesis
    C4 photosynthesis:  mesophyll cells, bundle sheath cells, PEP carboxylase, Kranz anatomy
    Why isn’t C4 photosynthesis more widespread?
    CAM photosynthesis:  implication for water conservation 
    CAM and C4 as mechanisms to concentrate CO₂
    What are the consequences of herbicides that inhibit the Z-scheme? 

Transpiration
    Control of opening and closing of the stomatal apparatus
    Photosynthesis/transpiration compromise
    Based on control of opening and closing of the stomatal apparatus, which function do the stomata seem to support, photosynthesis or transpiration?
    How can CAM plants keep their stomata open at night and closed during the day, using the same leaf CO₂ concentration control mechanism that C3 and C4 plants use to keep stomata open during the day and closed at night?
    What anatomical features of leaves reduce transpiration?  How does each feature accomplish this task?

STUDY THE PICTURES IN YOUR BOOK!!  Additional pictures of plant anatomy slides can be found at:   Plant Anatomy Laboratory by J. D. Mauseth at the University of  Texas at Austin and The General Botany Image Collection (Botany 130) at the University of Wisconsin at Madison.

Refer to the questions at the end of your lab exercises and the chapters in your textbook for more review material.  Don’t be surprised if some, if not all, of the essay questions on your exams come from these sources and this review sheet.  Remember to think about the key terms you need to incorporate into an answer BEFORE you start writing.

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30 March 2016