Botany 2104, Plant Form and Function

A PDF version of the final exam from Fall 2001 is available.  You can use the relevant questions from that final as a practice exam.  Be aware that the course material was in a different order in 2001-2002 and that some topics have changed.

Botany 2104 - Spring 2016.  Exam 2 Topics. 

This is not meant to be an exhaustive list.  My intention is to hit the highlights and provide a reminder of key material covered.  Due to the nature of the course, you don’t have a distinction between “lab” and “lecture” material.  ALL  CLASS ACTIVITIES ARE  FAIR  GAME  FOR  YOUR  EXAMS!!!  These activities include (but are not limited to)  making observations of plant materials, doing experiments, and getting information via lectures, videos, and reading your textbook.

Experimental design 
    control vs. experimental 
    mean, median, mode   
    distribution, range, standard deviation
    ANOVA, t-test, p-value  
    hypothesis 
    theory 
    quantitative data
    ordinal data
    nominal data 
Be able to draw and interpret graphs.

Video:  Charles Darwin: Tree of Life
    natural selection 
    phylogeny/cladogram
    derived character, node, monophyletic 
Be able to construct a cladogram 
Be able to interpret evolutionary relationships  from a cladogram
Be able to relate natural selection to the modifications found in roots, stems, and leaves which result in a plant that is adapted to a particular place and time.  
Be able to explain the supporting evidence for natural selection.

Attributes of life:  cellular, metabolism, growth, reproduction, response to environmental stimuli, movement, adaptation

Challenges to plants:  water acquisition, water conservation, CO₂ collection, light collection, solar radiation, mineral acquisition, herbivory

Eukaryotic Cell
organelles:  identify, describe, give the function of the cell wall, plasma membrane, plasmodesmata, middle lamella, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, plastids (amyloplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplasts), mitochondria, microbodies (glyoxysomes and peroxisomes), ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, vacuole, tonoplast
know which organelles you can see with a light microscope and which are visible only with an electron microscope
Based on the function of a particular cell or tissue, can you predict which organelles should be present in the cells?  For example, what organelles would you expect to find in the storage cells of a seed that stores starch and fat?  Why would you expect each to be there?

Plant Anatomy
    Be able to identify cells and tissues in photographs, diagrams, models, etc. of sectioned material.

Plant Cells and Tissues
    tissue types:  meristematic tissues (apical meristem; primary meristems:  protoderm, ground meristem, procambium; lateral meristems:  cork cambium, vascular cambium), dermal tissues (epidermis, periderm. cork, phelloderm), vascular tissues (xylem, phloem), ground tissues (pith, cortex, mesophyll, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma)
    functions of the tissues; know the cell types found in each tissue; know the tissue specific functions of the cells
    be able to identify, describe, and give the function(s) of various plant cell types:  parenchyma cell, collenchyma cell (angular, lamellar). sclerenchyma cell (fiber, sclereid [brachysclereid, astrosclereid]), tracheid, vessel element, sieve tube element, companion cell,  trichome, guard cells and subsidiary cells, bulliform cells

Roots:    functions; types of root systems
    modifications and their functions
    root/microbe interactions:  Rhizobium, mycorrhizae
    root regions or zones
    development (apical meristem —> 1° meristems  —>   1° tissues)
    compare tissue arrangements in monocots and eudicots
    functions of tissues
    cell types found in tissues and the cell functions within those tissues
    endodermis, Casparian strip 
    pericycle
    root hairs
    origin of branch (lateral) roots
    adventitious roots 
    rhizosphere 

Stems:  functions
    modifications and their functions
    features of stem tips:  meristems, leaf primordia, bud primordia
    development (apical meristem —> 1° meristems  —>   1° tissues)
    compare tissue arrangements in monocots and eudicots
    functions of tissues
    cell types found in tissues and the cell functions within those tissues
    How does the origin of branch stems differ from the origin of branch roots?

Be able to trace the lineage of cells and tissues from the apical meristem to 1° tissues, both forwards and backwards.

STUDY THE PICTURES IN YOUR TEXTBOOK!!  Additional pictures of plant anatomy slides can be found at:   Plant Anatomy Laboratory by J. D. Mauseth at the University of  Texas at Austin;  The General Botany Image Collection (Botany 130) at the University of Wisconsin at Madison; and Plant Anatomy (Biology 311) by Alison Roberts at the University of Rhode Island.  If you have  a copy of A Photographic Atlas for the Botany Laboratory, use it. 

Refer to the questions at the end of your lab exercises and the chapters in your textbook for more review material.  Don’t be surprised if some, if not all, of the essay questions on your exams come from these sources and this review sheet.

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26 February 2016