Botany 2104, Plant Form and Function
A PDF version of the final exam from Fall 2001 is
available. You can use the relevant questions from that final as a
practice exam. Please be aware that the course material was in a different
order in 2001-2002 and that some topics have changed.
Botany 2104 - Spring 2016. Exam 1 Topics
This is not meant to be an exhaustive list. My intention is to hit
the highlights and provide a reminder of key material covered. Due
to the nature of the course, you don’t have a distinction between “lab” and
“lecture” material. ALL
CLASS ACTIVITIES ARE FAIR GAME FOR YOUR
EXAMS!!! These activities
include (but are not limited to) making observations of plant materials,
doing experiments, and getting information via lectures, videos, and reading
your textbook.
Classification: Domain,
Kingdom,
Phylum,
Class,
Order,
Family,
Genus,
Species
specific epithet
Nonvascular plants, vascular plants, seed plants
Flowering plants
Organs and functions: stem, root, leaf, flower.
Vegetative vs. reproductive.
Three primary tissues, functions: epidermis, ground
tissue, vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
Seeds
seed = food supply (in cotyledons or endosperm) + embryo
plumule, radicle
micropyle, hilum
Seed
dormancy: stratification, scarification, desert ephemerals, fire, seed
banks
Seed germination
coleoptile vs stem hook. What is the functional significance
of these structures? What do roots use to perform the same function?
Gravitropism
auxin
statoliths
roots vs. stems
Roots
fibrous vs. tap root systems, monocot vs. eudicot
root hairs
root zones/regions
rhizosphere
Metric system
units of measurement
decimal system
Lab safety
prudent lab practices
What are the minimum precautions you should take when
working in the lab?
Do you remember the locations of various pieces of safety
equipment?
Atoms
protons, neutrons, electrons; nucleus and electron
energy levels
ions, isotopes, atomic number, atomic mass
Types of bonds
Covalent bonds: polar and nonpolar. What causes
a covalent bond to be polar?
Hydrogen bonds: an important consequence of the
polar covalent bonds in organic molecules and water
Ionic bonds
Properties of water: heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, specific heat,
boiling point, tensile strength
Dehydration synthesis (condensation) vs. Hydrolysis
Relate to the synthesis and breakdown of polymers in living
organisms
Carbohydrates
examples of simple sugars and polymers
What distinguishes carbohydrates structurally from other
groups of molecules?
What functions do carbohydrates and soluble sugars have
in plants?
Lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, cutin, suberin, and waxes
What distinguishes lipids structurally from other groups
of molecules?
What functions do lipids have
in plants?
Proteins
monomers; peptide bond
What distinguishes proteins and amino acids structurally
from other groups of molecules?
What functions do proteins have
in plants?
Nucleic Acids
DNA, RNA
nucleotides, dinucleotides, nucleic acids
outcomes of gene
expression; regulation of gene expression
lignin
organic acids
intermediates:
why are they important?
porphyrins
primary vs. secondary metabolites
functions of secondary metabolites in plants
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
Fluid Mosaic Model of membrane structure
phospholipid bilayer
proteins: integral membrane proteins, peripheral
membrane proteins
asymmetric membrane surfaces
transport proteins: channel proteins, carrier proteins,
pumps
Functions of cell membranes
Importance of membranes as boundaries that define an external and an internal
environment
Diffusion
Water potential: solute, pressure
osmosis, turgor pressure, wall pressure,
plasmolysis
Microscopy
resolution, depth of field, magnification
types of microscopes and the information they can give you: dissecting
microscopes, compound light microscopes, transmission electron microscopes,
scanning electron microscopes
sample preparation for microscopy: fresh mounts, fixed and sectioned
material, staining
parts and operation of a compound light microscope; calibration of an ocular
micrometer; use of an ocular micrometer to measure specimens
be able to identify the type of microscope used to view a
photographed specimen
If you wanted to see the interior of a chloroplast, which type of microscope
would you use? Why?
Why are stains used with many samples examined by light
microscopy? How are the stains for light microscopy different from those
used for electron microscopy? Why are different kinds of stains needed for
these two techniques?
STUDY THE PICTURES IN YOUR TEXTBOOK!!
For more review material, refer to the questions in your lab exercises and your textbook, as well as the objectives and terms for the
lab exercises. Don’t be surprised if some,
if not all, of the essay questions on your exams come from these sources
and this review sheet.
Botany 2104 Home Page
Botany 2104 Syllabus
Botany 2104 Schedule
28 January 2016