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Botany LS1203 - Plant Biology - Fall 2009

Terms and sample questions for Exam 3.  Carnivorous plants will be on Exam 4.

Each set of notes has a review list at the end of it.  Try writing answers to all of the questions given in those lists.  In addition to the topics on the list, you should also know important terms.  Use the following list to supplement the other lists.  The following includes most (hopefully all) of the terms that go with the material covered for your third exam.  For many of the terms, it’s not just a matter of being able to define them. You need to be able to describe their role in a process or structure and distinguish between similar terms.

gamete
zygote
pollen grain
pollen tube
polar nuclei/central cell 
egg
endosperm 
double fertilization

seed dormancy
stratification
scarification
seed bank

seed coat (testa)
integuments
cotyledon
radicle
plumule
coleoptile
coleorhiza
scutellum
hilum
tap root system
fibrous root system
pericarp
exocarp
mesocarp
endocarp
simple fruit

refer to the notes for the types of  simple fruits

compound fruit
aggregate fruit
multiple fruit
accessory fruit 
parthenocarpic

chloroplast
light reactions
photosystems
photolysis
 

chlorophyll
carotenoids
Calvin cycle
rubisco
RuBP
PGA
GA3P
triose-P
ADP/ATP
NADP+/NADPH
epidermis
stomata 
cuticle
vascular tissue
mesophyll
CAM
PEP
C3 photosynthesis
C4 photosynthesis
photorespiration
Kranz anatomy

respiration
cytosol
mitochondria
glycolysis
Krebs cycle
electron transport chain
intermediates
glucose
hexose
triose
pyruvate
NAD+/NADH
ADP/ATP
thermogenic plants
 

essential element
mineral nutrient
macronutrient
micronutrient
primary nutrient
chelated

be able to list all of the essential elements and give at least one metabolic function for each macronutrient

symbiosis
mutualism
parasitism
commensalism
symbiotic nitrogen fixation
rhizobia bacteria
legumes
nitrogenase
producer
consumer
decomposer
autotrophic
photosynthetic
chemosynthetic (chemoautotroph)
parasite
saprobe
nitrogen cycle
ammonification
nitrification
denitrification
nitrogen fixation
nodule
bacteroid
leghemoglobin
rhizosphere
cyanobacteria
heterocyst
cycad 
Azolla (water fern)

mycorrhizae
endomycorrhizae 
orchids 
VAM (vescicular arbuscular mycorrhizae)
ectomycorrhizae 
trehalose


Some seeds are dormant until stratification takes place.  What is stratification?  Why is it an important dormancy mechanism?

Give one example of each of the following types of fruit:
berry =                    drupe =    
pome =                    legume =

Be able to recognize the parts of a seed.

Why is stepwise conversion of sugar to CO2 important?
What is the importance of generating carbon intermediates during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
What are thermogenic plants?  How do they generate more heat then non-thermogenic plants?  What do thermogenic plants sacrifice in order to produce heat instead?

Under what environmental conditions is CAM photosynthesis an advantage?  Why?

Under what environmental conditions is C4 photosynthesis an advantage?  Why?

Nitrogen cycle:  ammonification, nitrification, nitrogen fixation (symbiotic and free-living), denitrification, N assimilation by plants
What roles do bacteria play in the different steps of the nitrogen cycle? In particular, address their roles in nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification.

Be able to give at  least one function of each of the macronutrients.

The exam material includes Branching Out, the video on seed dispersal.


If glucose is completely converted to CO2 (carbon dioxide) during cellular respiration, which of the following are produced?
A. water (H2O)    B. ATP     C. heat     D. A and B     E. A, B, and C

During photosynthesis, oxygen (O2) is released from
A. carbon dioxide (CO2) during the light reactions    B. carbon dioxide (CO2) during the Calvin cycle  
C. water (H2O) during the light reactions        D. water (H2O) during the Calvin cycle  

Plant which engage in C4 photosynthesis
A. have Kranz anatomy     B. lack photorespiration     C. lack the Calvin cycle    D. A and B     E. A and C

Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration have all of the following in common EXCEPT
A. rely on existing molecules in cells to carry out the energy conversion reactions
B. are processes that store energy in the form of sugar
C. use organelles with complex internal membrane systems

Which of the following essential elements is NOT obtained by plants as a soil mineral?
A. carbon (C)     B. sulfur (S)     C. calcium (Ca)      D. boron (B)
E. none of the above, as A, B, C, and D are all obtained as soil minerals

In symbiotic nitrogen fixation, the fixation reaction is performed by
A. legumes     B. mycorrhizae     C. Rhizobium bacteria

Nitrifying bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrate are examples of
A.  heterotrophs        B.  chemosynthetic autotrophs            C.  photosynthetic autotrophs


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30 October 2009