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I.INTRODUCTION
E.   Metaphors of science
§“Production and understanding variation” is a better metaphor of science than “20 questions”
§In this case, reality is assumed not to give direct, honest, or specific answers to questions.
§Researchers produce or observe variation in order to understand the causes of or conditions associated with the variability. 
§The creativity of the researcher in producing or observing variation is the basis for how well understood the phenomenon is.
§Good research involves producing, observing, and understanding variation in phenomena.