1. A major change in representation that increases steadily from 4 to 8 years of age is
A. the awareness that make-believe is a representational activity.
B. the use of less realistic toys in make-believe play.
C. directing pretend actions toward other objects.
D. the appearance of self-directed sociodramatic play.
ans: D
weight: 1

2. Knowledge that other people can have false beliefs (on the false belief task) is exhibited by what age?
A. 2 years old
B. 4 years old
C. 6 years old
D. 10 years old
ans: B
weight: 1

3. In the three-mountains problem, when 5-year-olds are asked to pick the picture that shows "what the doll sees," they
A. pick the correct picture, but cannot explain why.
B. can't pick the correct picture, yet realize it should be different from what they see.
C. pick the picture that shows their own perspective.
D. pick the correct picture and explain why.
ans: C
weight: 1

4. Most 3- and 4-year-olds believe that magic
A. can turn a picture into a real object.
B. could change their teacher into a witch.
C. accounts for events they cannot otherwise explain.
D. does not exist.
ans: C
weight: 1

5. Understanding that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even though their outward appearance has changed is
A. animism.
B. conservation.
C. egocentrism.
D. object permanence.
ans: B
weight: 1

6. Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences are called
A. emergent literacy. 
B. cognitive knowledge.
C. self-education.
D. literary competence
ans: A
weight: 1

7. According to Piaget
A. language is internalized speech.
B. language is used only to express concepts that cannot be learned through sensorimotor means.
C. symbolic thinking of the preoperational stage provides the basis that makes language possible.
D. language plays a major role in cognitive development.
ans: C
weight: 1

8. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Piaget regarded class inclusion (hierarchical classification system like Living Things -- Animals -- Dogs --Poodles) as the single most important achievement of the concrete operational stage.
B. By middle childhood, children begin to insist that objects can be sorted in only one way.
C. Concrete operational children recognize that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even when their outward appearance changes.
D. School-age children come up with a general principle of conservation and apply it to all relevant situations.
ans: C
weight: 1

9. Cross-cultural research suggests that
A. compared to non-Western societies, conservation in Western societies is greatly delayed.
B. among the Hausa of Nigeria, the most basic conservation tasks, such as number and length, are understood as early as age 4.
C. for children to master Piagetian concepts, they must take part in everyday activities that promote this way of thinking.
D. Hausa and American children attain conservation at about the same age.
ans: C
weight: 1

10. According to Vygotsky, children speak to themselves
A. because they are egocentric.
B. because they are lonely.
C. for self-guidance.
D. for the pleasure of hearing their own voice.
ans: C
weight: 1

11. Which of the following is NOT relevant in information processing accounts of memory development?
A. Memory capacity and speed.
B. Knowledge about the material to be remembered.
C. Memory strategies.
D. Metamemory.
E. All of the above are relevant
ans: E
weight: 1

12. A criticism that Nativist psychologists would make of Piaget's account of cognitive development is that:
A. children may be more sensitive to the social cultural environment than Piaget had acknowledged.
B. children may be more affected by a lack of strategies than Piaget had acknowledged.
C. children may be even more conceptually sophisticated and cognitively capable than Piaget had acknowledged.
D. children may be influenced by more severe memory limitations than Piaget had acknowledged.
ans: C
weight: 1

13. Which of the following factors is a reason for the superior academic performance of Asian as compared to American children?
A. Academic achievement is highly encouraged by Asian parents and reflected in Asian teachers' teaching style.
B. Asian students are genetically superior in science and mathematics.
C. Asian students start school at a younger age.
D. Ability grouping is more common in Asian schools.
ans: A
weight: 1