Make of the following what you will. I've lost the citation and can't relocate it, although the tone and style seem to be that of C. S. Lewis in the Oxford History of English Literature: English Literature in the Sixteenth Century excluding Drama.
Humanism and Courtliness
The main drift
of the later Renaissance was away from a humanism that favored a free expansion
toward a humanism that was in the highest degree disciplinary and selective.
The whole movement was complicated by what is at bottom a different problem,
the need that was felt in France and Italy, at least, of protecting society
against the individual. One can insist on selection and discipline without
at the same time being so distrustful of individualism.
Many of the humanists of this period fell into
hardness and narrowness (in other words, ceased to be humane) from overemphasis
on a discipline that was to be imposed from without and from above, and on
a doctrine that was to be codified in a multitude of minute prescriptions.
The essence of art, according to that highly astringent genius, Scaliger,
who had a European influence on the literary criticism of this age, is electio
et fastidium sui(selection and fastidiousness toward one's self)in
practice Scaliger reserved his fastidiousness for other people.This spirit
of fastidious selection gained ground until instead of the expansive Rabelais
we have the exclusive Malherbe, until a purism grew up that threatened to
impoverish men's ideas and emotions as well as their vocabulary.
Castiglione had said in his treatise on the
Courtier that there should enter into the make-up of the gentleman an element
of aloofness and disdain (sprezzatura), a saying that, properly interpreted,
contains a profound truth. Unfortunately, aristocratic aloofness, coupled
with fastidious selection and unleavened by broad and sympathetic knowledge,
leads straight to the attitude that Voltaire has hit off in his sketch of
the noble Venetian lord Pococurante,to the type of scholar who would
be esteemed, not like the man of today by the inclusiveness of his sympathies,
but by the number of things he had rejected. Pococurante had cultivated sprezzatura
with a vengeance, and rejected almost everything except a few verses of Virgil
and Horace. "What a great man is this Pococurante!" says the awe-stricken
Candide; "nothing can please him."
The contrast between the disciplinary and selective
humanism of the later Renaissance and the earlier period of expansion should
not blind us to the underlying unity of aim. Like the ancient humanists whom
they took as their guides, the men of both periods aimed at forming the complete
man (totus, teres atque rotundus). But the men of the later period and the
neo classicists in general hoped to attain this completeness not so much by
the virtues of expansion as by the virtues of concentration. It seemed to
them that the men of the earlier period had left too much opening for the
whims and vagaries of the individual; and so they were chiefly concerned with
making a selection of subjects and establishing a doctrine and discipline
that should be universal and human.
To this end the classical doctrine and discipline
were to be put into the service of the doctrine and discipline of Christianity.
This attempt at a compromise between the pagan and Christian traditions is
visible both in Catholic countries in the Jesuit schools, and in Protestant
countries in the selection of studies that took shape in the old college curriculum.
No doubt the selection of both divinity and humanity that was intended to
be representative was inadequate; and no doubt the whole compromise between
doctrines and disciplines, that were in many respects divergent and in some
respects hostile, laid itself open to the charge of being superficial.
The men of the early Renaissance had
felt more acutely the antagonism between divinity as then understood and humanity,
and had often taken sides uncompromisingly for one or the other. Machiavelli
accused Christianity of having made the world effeminate, whereas Luther looked
on the study of the pagan classics, except within the narrowest bounds, as
pernicious. Calvin execrated Rabelais, and Rabelais denounced Calvin as an
impostor. Yet, after all, the effort to make the ancient humanities and arts
of expression tributary to Christianity was in many respects admirable, and
the motto that summed it up, sapiens atque eloquens pietas, might still,
if properly interpreted, be used to define the purpose of the college.